Indoor air pollution affects the early COVID-19 fatality: A multiple linear regression analysis
Keywords:
COVID-19, Fatality, Indoor Air Pollution, Regression, ToxicityAbstract
In this study, early COVID-19 mortality and reproduction rates were settled as dependent variables and they were investigated to understand the most effective factors on these parameters. For this, various urban-related and host factor-related variables such as household type, GDP rates, etc., were collected for 56 countries from different sources, and stepwise multi-linear regression analyses were conducted to get regression equations to explain these dependent variables. Based on the results, indoor air pollution death rates were the most effective independent variable with the biggest partial contribution to the fatality of the COVID-19 regression equation. Moreover, due to the clusters of countries that show the highest and lowest indoor air pollution death rates, which may represent a global organization of the human population, it may be concluded that microbial circulations of the biologically evolving ecosystem also may be connected to the human factors, especially based on supply chains of these countries among agriculture, energy, and technology. The results suggest that the air quality within buildings, which are crucial elements of urban systems, could be the primary global factor influencing both the fatality and spread of COVID-19. This implies that both the building structures and the population compositions of cities may have a more significant impact on the trajectory of microbial diseases than previously acknowledged.
Downloads
References
Abdullah, M., Chowdhury, M. A. F., Karmaker, U., Fuszder, Md. H. R., & Shahriar, Md. A. (2022). Role of the dynamics of political stability in firm performance: Evidence from Bangladesh. Quantitative Finance and Economics, 6(4), 518–536. https://doi.org/10.3934/QFE.2022022
Abu-Saad, I., Yonah, Y., & Kaplan, A. (2000). Identity and Political Stability in an Ethnically Diverse State: A Study of Bedouin Arab Youth in Israel. Social Identities, 6(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630051354
Alcantara-Diaz, D. (2004). Divergent adaptation of Escherichia coli to cyclic ultraviolet light exposures. Mutagenesis, 19(5), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/geh039
Anderson, S., Sadinski, W., Shugart, L., Brussard, P., Depledge, M., Ford, T., Hose, J., Stegeman, J., Suk, W., Wirgin, I., & Wogan, G. (1994). Genetic and Molecular Ecotoxicology: A Research Framework. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(suppl 12), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102s123
Arriola, L. R. (2009). Patronage and Political Stability in Africa. Comparative Political Studies, 42(10), 1339–1362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414009332126
Azuma, K., Yanagi, U., Kagi, N., Kim, H., Ogata, M., & Hayashi, M. (2020). Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 25(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-020-00904-2
Bader, D. M., Wilkening, S., Lin, G., Tekkedil, M. M., Dietrich, K., Steinmetz, L. M., & Gagneur, J. (2015). Negative feedback buffers effects of regulatory variants. Molecular Systems Biology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.20145844
Baer, S. G., & Blair, J. M. (2008). Grassland establishment under varying resource availability: a test of positive and negative feedback. Ecology, 89(7), 1859–1871. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0417.1
Baquero, F., Alvarez-Ortega, C., & Martinez, J. L. (2009). Ecology and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 1(6), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00053.x
Benton, M. J., & Twitchett, R. J. (2003). How to kill (almost) all life: the end-Permian extinction event. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18(7), 358–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00093-4
Biedermann, P. H., & Rohlfs, M. (2017). Evolutionary feedbacks between insect sociality and microbial management. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 22, 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.06.003
Bloem, J. R., & Salemi, C. (2021). COVID-19 and conflict. World Development, 140, 105294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105294
Borch, A., & Kjærnes, U. (2016). Food security and food insecurity in Europe: An analysis of the academic discourse (1975–2013). Appetite, 103, 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.005
Breen, P. H. (2001). Arterial blood gas and pH analysis. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America, 19(4), 885–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8537(01)80014-6
Bruce, N., Rehfuess, E., Mehta, S., & et al. (2006). Indoor Air Pollution. In D. Jamison, J. Breman, A. Measham, & et al. (Eds.), Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. The World Bank.
Chen, Q., Allot, A., & Lu, Z. (2021). LitCovid: an open database of COVID-19 literature. Nucleic Acids Research, 49(D1), D1534–D1540. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa952
Cho, S.-H., Lim, Y.-S., & Kang, Y.-H. (2012). Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated From Healthy Poultry and Swine Farm Workers Using Antibiotics in Korea. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 3(3), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.07.002
Clements, W. H., & Rohr, J. R. (2009). Community responses to contaminants: using basic ecological principles to predict ecotoxicological effects. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 28(9), 1789. https://doi.org/10.1897/09-140.1
Collie, J., Minto, C., Worm, B., & Bell, R. (2013). Predation on Prerecruits Can Delay Rebuilding of Depleted Cod Stocks. Bulletin of Marine Science, 89(1), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1134
Connolly, C., Ali, S. H., & Keil, R. (2020). On the relationships between COVID-19 and extended urbanization. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(2), 213–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820620934209
Crespi, B. J. (2004). Vicious circles: positive feedback in major evolutionary and ecological transitions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19(12), 627–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.10.001
David, W., & Ardiansyah. (2017). Organic agriculture in Indonesia: challenges and opportunities. Organic Agriculture, 7(3), 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-016-0160-8
de Kok, T. G., & Fransoo, J. C. (2003). Planning Supply Chain Operations: Definition and Comparison of Planning Concepts (pp. 597–675). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0507(03)11012-2
de Sousa, I., Sousa Teixeira, M., & Jacometti Cardoso Furtado, N. (2018). An Overview of Biotransformation and Toxicity of Diterpenes. Molecules, 23(6), 1387. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061387
Decaro, N., & Lorusso, A. (2020). Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses. Veterinary Microbiology, 244, 108693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693
Diao, X., Hazell, P., & Thurlow, J. (2010). The Role of Agriculture in African Development. World Development, 38(10), 1375–1383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.011
Dionova, B. W., Mohammed, M. N., Al-Zubaidi, S., & Yusuf, E. (2020). Environment indoor air quality assessment using fuzzy inference system. ICT Express, 6(3), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2020.05.007
Domínguez-Amarillo, S., Fernández-Agüera, J., Cesteros-García, S., & González-Lezcano, R. A. (2020). Bad Air Can Also Kill: Residential Indoor Air Quality and Pollutant Exposure Risk during the COVID-19 Crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197183
Dowd, J. B., Andriano, L., Brazel, D. M., Rotondi, V., Block, P., Ding, X., Liu, Y., & Mills, M. C. (2020). Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(18), 9696–9698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004911117
Eduati, F., Mangravite, L. M., Wang, T., Tang, H., Bare, J. C., Huang, R., Norman, T., Kellen, M., Menden, M. P., Yang, J., Zhan, X., Zhong, R.,
Xiao, G., Xia, M., Abdo, N., Kosyk, O., Friend, S., Dearry, A., Simeonov, A., … Saez-Rodriguez, J. (2015). Prediction of human population responses to toxic compounds by a collaborative competition. Nature Biotechnology, 33(9), 933–940. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3299
Ersson, S., & Lane, J.-E. (1983). Political Stability in European Democracies*. European Journal of Political Research, 11(3), 245–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1983.tb00061.x
Ferreira, A., & Barros, N. (2022). COVID-19 and Lockdown: The Potential Impact of Residential Indoor Air Quality on the Health of Teleworkers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 6079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106079
Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., Campbell, L., & Overall, N. C. (2015). Pair-Bonding, Romantic Love, and Evolution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(1), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614561683
Gautam, K., & Anbumani, S. (2020). Ecotoxicological effects of organic micro-pollutants on the environment. In Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering (pp. 481–501). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819594-9.00019-X
Gilmour, M. I., McGee, J., Duvall, R. M., Dailey, L., Daniels, M., Boykin, E., Cho, S.-H., Doerfler, D., Gordon, T., & Devlin, R. B. (2007). Comparative Toxicity of Size-Fractionated Airborne Particulate Matter Obtained from Different Cities in the United States. Inhalation Toxicology, 19(sup1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370701490379
Gobas, F. A., Burkhard, L. P., Doucette, W. J., Sappington, K. G., Verbruggen, E. M., Hope, B. K., Bonnell, M. A., Arnot, J. A., & Tarazona, J. V. (2016). Review of existing terrestrial bioaccumulation models and terrestrial bioaccumulation modeling needs for organic chemicals. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 12(1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1690
Gray, J. S. (2002). Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 45(1–12), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00323-X
Güneralp, B., Lwasa, S., Masundire, H., Parnell, S., & Seto, K. C. (2017). Urbanization in Africa: challenges and opportunities for conservation. Environmental Research Letters, 13(1), 015002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa94fe
Haas, O. (2022). De-colonising the right to housing, one new city at a time: Seeing housing development from Palestine/Israel. Urban Studies, 59(8), 1676–1693. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211056226
Hasell, J., Mathieu, E., Beltekian, D., Macdonald, B., Giattino, C., Ortiz-Ospina, E., Roser, M., & Ritchie, H. (2020). A cross-country database of COVID-19 testing. Scientific Data, 7(1), 345. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00688-8
He, R., Li, Y., Xiang, P., Li, C., Zhou, C., Zhang, S., Cui, X., & Ma, L. Q. (2016). Organophosphorus flame retardants and phthalate esters in indoor dust from different microenvironments: Bioaccessibility and risk assessment. Chemosphere, 150, 528–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.087
Ho, S. Y. W., Lanfear, R., Bromham, L., Phillips, M. J., Soubrier, J., Rodrigo, A. G., & Cooper, A. (2011). Time-dependent rates of molecular evolution. Molecular Ecology, 20(15), 3087–3101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05178.x
Kishor, R., Purchase, D., Saratale, G. D., Saratale, R. G., Ferreira, L. F. R., Bilal, M., Chandra, R., & Bharagava, R. N. (2021). Ecotoxicological and health concerns of persistent coloring pollutants of textile industry wastewater and treatment approaches for environmental safety. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(2), 105012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.105012
Koechler, S., Farasin, J., Cleiss-Arnold, J., & Arsène-Ploetze, F. (2015a). Toxic metal resistance in biofilms: diversity of microbial responses and their evolution. Research in Microbiology, 166(10), 764–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2015.03.008
Koechler, S., Farasin, J., Cleiss-Arnold, J., & Arsène-Ploetze, F. (2015b). Toxic metal resistance in biofilms: diversity of microbial responses and their evolution. Research in Microbiology, 166(10), 764–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2015.03.008
Kogan, L. S., Smith, J., & Jenkins, S. (1977). Ecological Validity of Indicator Data as Predictors of Survey Findings. Journal of Social Service Research, 1(2), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1300/J079v01n02_01
Kornartit, C., Sokhi, R. S., Burton, M. A., & Ravindra, K. (2010). Activity pattern and personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in indoor and outdoor microenvironments. Environment International, 36(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.09.004
Krause, J., Dear, P. H., Pollack, J. L., Slatkin, M., Spriggs, H., Barnes, I., Lister, A. M., Ebersberger, I., Pääbo, S., & Hofreiter, M. (2006). Multiplex amplification of the mammoth mitochondrial genome and the evolution of Elephantidae. Nature, 439(7077), 724–727. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04432
Krebs, J., & McKeague, M. (2020). Green Toxicology: Connecting Green Chemistry and Modern Toxicology. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 33(12), 2919–2931. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00260
Kuchipudi, S. V., Tan, C., van Dorp, L., Lichtveld, M., Pickering, B., Bowman, J., Mubareka, S., & Balloux, F. (2023). Coordinated surveillance is essential to monitor and mitigate the evolutionary impacts of SARS-CoV-2 spillover and circulation in animal hosts. Nature Ecology &
Evolution, 7(7), 956–959. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02082-0
Kumar, P., Martani, C., Morawska, L., Norford, L., Choudhary, R., Bell, M., & Leach, M. (2016). Indoor air quality and energy management through real-time sensing in commercial buildings. Energy and Buildings, 111, 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.037
Landrigan, P. J., Claudio, L., Markowitz, S. B., Berkowitz, G. S., Brenner, B. L., Romero, H., Wetmur, J. G., Matte, T. D., Gore, A. C., Godbold, J. H., & Wolff, M. S. (1999). Pesticides and inner-city children: exposures, risks, and prevention. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(suppl 3), 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107s3431
Lashof, D. A., DeAngelo, B. J., Saleska, S. R., & Harte, J. (1997).Terrestrial ecosystem feedbacks to global climate change. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 22(1), 75–118. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.22.1.75
Libralato, G., Ghirardini Annamaria, V., & Francesco, A. (2010). How toxic is toxic? A proposal for wastewater toxicity hazard assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73(7), 1602–1611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.03.007
Lu, C., Liu, Z., Liao, H., Yang, W., Li, Q., & Liu, Q. (2022). Effects of early life exposure to home environmental factors on childhood allergic rhinitis: Modifications by outdoor air pollution and temperature. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 244, 114076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114076
Lu, Q.-O., Jung, C.-C., Liu, Y.-H., & Chang, W.-H. (2023). Seasonal and source characteristics of organophosphorus flame retardants in air and house dust in Taiwan residential microenvironments: Implications for young children’s exposure and risk assessment using a probabilistic approach. Environmental Pollution, 318, 120893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120893
Lulbadda, K. T., Kobbekaduwa, D., & Guruge, M. L. (2021). The impact of temperature, population size and median age on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 9, 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.09.004
Madrazo Cabo, J. M., Monter Valera, N. A., Hernández Sánchez, E. J., Ruiz Sánchez, M., Sánchez Machorro, G., & Kurezyn Díaz, C. (2020). Demographic Variables Associated with Covid-19 Mortality. Journal of Public Health Research, 9(4), jphr.2020.1827. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1827
Maeder, V., Escher, B. I., Scheringer, M., & Hungerbühler, K. (2004). Toxic Ratio as an Indicator of the Intrinsic Toxicity in the Assessment of Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Chemicals. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(13), 3659–3666. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0351591
Menéndez-Pedriza, A., & Jaumot, J. (2020). Interaction of Environmental Pollutants with Microplastics: A Critical Review of Sorption Factors, Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicological Effects. Toxics, 8(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8020040
Messaoudi, S., Greschner, A. A., & Gauthier, M. A. (2019). Progress Toward Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, and Toxicity of DNA Nanostructures. Advanced Therapeutics, 2(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/adtp.201900144
Middlebrook, K. J. (1981). Political Change in Mexico. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 34(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.2307/1174030
Mironenko, N. V., Alekhina, I. A., Zhdanova, N. N., & Bulat, S. A. (2000a). Intraspecific Variation in Gamma-Radiation Resistance and Genomic Structure in the Filamentous Fungus Alternaria alternata: A Case Study of Strains Inhabiting Chernobyl Reactor No. 4. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 45(2), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1999.1848
Mironenko, N. V., Alekhina, I. A., Zhdanova, N. N., & Bulat, S. A. (2000b). Intraspecific Variation in Gamma-Radiation Resistance and Genomic Structure in the Filamentous Fungus Alternaria alternata: A Case Study of Strains Inhabiting Chernobyl Reactor No. 4.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 45(2), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1999.1848
Mogielnicki, C., & Pearl, K. (2020). Hominid sexual nature. Theory in Biosciences, 139(2), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-020-00312-8
Möller, A., Soldan, M., Völker, U., & Maser, E. (2001). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: a powerful method to elucidate cellular responses to toxic compounds. Toxicology, 160(1–3), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00443-1
Mondal, M. H. (1970). Crop Agriculture of Bangladesh: Challenges and Opportunities. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 35(2), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v35i2.5886
Moran, D., & Kanemoto, K. (2016). Tracing global supply chains to air pollution hotspots. Environmental Research Letters, 11(9), 094017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/094017
Moreno-Fenoll, C., Cavaliere, M., Martínez-García, E., & Poyatos, J. F. (2017). Eco-evolutionary feedbacks can rescue cooperation in microbial populations. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 42561. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42561
Mückter, H. (2003). What is toxicology and how does toxicity occur? Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 17(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1053/bean.2003.0270
Munier, N. (2011). Methodology to select a set of urban sustainability indicators to measure the state of the city, and performance assessment. Ecological Indicators, 11(5), 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.01.006
Nielsen, P. V, & Xu, C. (2022). Multiple airflow patterns in human microenvironment and the influence on short-distance airborne cross-infection – A review. Indoor and Built Environment, 31(5), 1161–1175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X211048539
Ochman, H., & Wilson, A. C. (1987). Evolution in bacteria: Evidence for a universal substitution rate in cellular genomes. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 26(1–2), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02111283
Ochoa-Noriega, C. A., Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., Velasco-Muñoz, J. F., & Álvarez-Bejar, A. (2020). The Use of Water in Agriculture in Mexico and Its Sustainable Management: A Bibliometric Review. Agronomy, 10(12), 1957. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121957
Orive, M. E. (1993). Effective Population Size in Organisms with Complex Life-Histories. Theoretical Population Biology, 44(3), 316–340. https://doi.org/10.1006/tpbi.1993.1031
Ott, W., Mage, D., & Thomas, J. (1992). Comparison of microenvironmental CO concentrations in two cities for human exposure modeling. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology.
Ottelin, J., Heinonen, J., Nässén, J., & Junnila, S. (2019). Household carbon footprint patterns by the degree of urbanisation in Europe. Environmental Research Letters, 14(11), 114016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab443d
Palmer, J., & Herat, S. (2021). Ecotoxicity of Microplastic Pollutants to Marine Organisms: a Systematic Review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 232(5), 195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05155-7
Parsek, M. R., McFall, S. M., & Chakrabarty, A. M. (1995). Microbial degradation of toxic, environmental pollutants: Ecological and evolutionary considerations. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 35(1–3), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(95)00032-Z
Pereson, M. J., Flichman, D. M., Martínez, A. P., Baré, P., Garcia, G. H., & Di Lello, F. A. (2021). Evolutionary analysis of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein for its different clades. Journal of Medical Virology, 93(5), 3000–3006. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26834
Petrosillo, N., Viceconte, G., Ergonul, O., Ippolito, G., & Petersen, E. (2020). COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related? Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(6), 729–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.026
Procacci, P., Francini, F., Zoppi, M., & Maresca, M. (1975). Cutaneous pain threshold changes after sympathetic block in reflex dystrophies. Pain, 1(2), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(75)90100-1
Rabha, R., Ghosh, S., & Padhy, P. K. (2018). Indoor air pollution in rural north-east India: Elemental compositions, changes in haematological indices, oxidative stress and health risks. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 165, 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.014
Rana, Md. M. P. (2011). Urbanization and sustainability: challenges and strategies for sustainable urban development in Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 13(1), 237–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-010-9258-4
Rantala, M. J. (2007). Evolution of nakedness in Homo sapiens. Journal of Zoology, 273(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00295.x
Rashid, M., Looi, X. H., & Wong, S. J. (2017). Political stability and FDI in the most competitive Asia Pacific countries. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 9(02), 140–155. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFEP-03-2016-0022
Rodriguez Lopez, J. M., Heider, K., & Scheffran, J. (2017). Frontiers of urbanization: Identifying and explaining urbanization hot spots in the south of Mexico City using human and remote sensing. Applied Geography, 79, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.12.001
Schweizer, C., Edwards, R. D., Bayer-Oglesby, L., Gauderman, W. J., Ilacqua, V., Juhani Jantunen, M., Lai, H. K., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., & Künzli, N. (2007a). Indoor time–microenvironment–activity patterns in seven regions of Europe. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 17(2), 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500490
Schweizer, C., Edwards, R. D., Bayer-Oglesby, L., Gauderman, W. J., Ilacqua, V., Juhani Jantunen, M., Lai, H. K., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., &
Künzli, N. (2007b). Indoor time–microenvironment–activity patterns in seven regions of Europe. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 17(2), 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jes.7500490
Scoffoni, C., Chatelet, D. S., Pasquet-kok, J., Rawls, M., Donoghue, M. J., Edwards, E. J., & Sack, L. (2016). Hydraulic basis for the evolution of photosynthetic productivity. Nature Plants, 2(6), 16072. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.72
Sheridan, J. A., & Bickford, D. (2011). Shrinking body size as an ecological response to climate change. Nature Climate Change, 1(8), 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1259
Shi, X., Zheng, Y., Cui, H., Zhang, Y., & Jiang, M. (2022). Exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution and risk of overweight and obesity across different life periods: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 242, 113893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113893
Soffers, A. E. M. F., Boersma, M. G., Vaes, W. H. J., Vervoort, J., Tyrakowska, B., Hermens, J. L. M., & Rietjens, I. M. C. M. (2001). Computer-modeling-based QSARs for analyzing experimental data on biotransformation and toxicity. Toxicology in Vitro, 15(4–5), 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-2333(01)00060-1
Song, J., Wang, B., Yang, W., Duan, H., & Liu, X. (2020). Extracting critical supply chains driving air pollution in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276, 124282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124282
Spangenberg, J. (2002). Towards indicators for institutional sustainability: lessons from an analysis of Agenda 21. Ecological Indicators, 2(1–2), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00050-X
Sriprapat, W., Suksabye, P., Areephak, S., Klantup, P., Waraha, A., Sawattan, A., & Thiravetyan, P. (2014). Uptake of toluene and ethylbenzene by plants: Removal of volatile indoor air contaminants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 102, 147–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.032
Steudelnumbers, K., Weaver, T., & Wallscheffler, C. (2007). The evolution of human running: Effects of changes in lower-limb length on locomotor economy. Journal of Human Evolution, 53(2), 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.001
Stringer, C. (2016). The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1698), 20150237. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0237
Todeva, E., & Rakhmatullin, R. (2016). Industry Global Value Chains, Connectivity and Regional Smart Specialisation in Europe. An Overview of Theoretical Approaches and Mapping Methodologies.
Tsai, E. B., Simpson, S., Lungren, M. P., Hershman, M., Roshkovan, L., Colak, E., Erickson, B. J., Shih, G., Stein, A., Kalpathy-Cramer, J., Shen, J., Hafez, M., John, S., Rajiah, P., Pogatchnik, B. P., Mongan, J., Altinmakas, E., Ranschaert, E. R., Kitamura, F. C., … Wu, C. C. (2021). The RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database (RICORD). Radiology, 299(1), E204–E213. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2021203957
van der Meer, J. R. (2003). Evolution of Metabolic Pathways for Degradation of Environmental Pollutants. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471263397.env011
Wadden, R. A., & Scheff, P. A. (1983). Indoor Air Pollution.
Wang, X., Sethi, S. P., & Chang, S. (2022). Pollution abatement using cap-and-trade in a dynamic supply chain and its coordination. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 158, 102592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2021.102592
White, S., McAllister, I., & Munro, N. (2017). Economic Inequality and Political Stability in Russia and China. Europe-Asia Studies, 69(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1270580
Yang, J., Yang, Y., Wu, W.-M., Zhao, J., & Jiang, L. (2014). Evidence of Polyethylene Biodegradation by Bacterial Strains from the Guts of Plastic-Eating Waxworms. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(23), 13776–13784. https://doi.org/10.1021/es504038a
Yue, X., Ma, N. L., Sonne, C., Guan, R., Lam, S. S., Van Le, Q., Chen, X., Yang, Y., Gu, H., Rinklebe, J., & Peng, W. (2021). Mitigation of indoor air pollution: A review of recent advances in adsorption materials and catalytic oxidation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 405, 124138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124138
Zamorano, L. S., Gompert, Z., Fronhofer, E. A., Feder, J. L., & Nosil, P. (2023). A stabilizing eco-evolutionary feedback loop in the wild. Current Biology, 33(15), 3272-3278.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.056
Zawbaa, H. M., Osama, H., El‐Gendy, A., Saeed, H., Harb, H. S., Madney, Y. M., Abdelrahman, M., Mohsen, M., Ali, A. M. A., Nicola, M.,
Elgendy, M. O., Ibrahim, I. A., & Abdelrahim, M. E. A. (2022). Effect of mutation and vaccination on spread, severity, and mortality of COVID‐19 disease. Journal of Medical Virology, 94(1), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27293
Zhang, Junfeng., Lioy, P. J., & He, Qingci. (1994). Characteristics of aldehydes: concentrations, sources, and exposures for indoor and outdoor residential microenvironments. Environmental Science & Technology, 28(1), 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00050a020
Zhdanova, N. N., Zakharchenko, V. A., Vember, V. V., & Nakonechnaya, L. T. (2000). Fungi from Chernobyl: mycobiota of the inner regions of the containment structures of the damaged nuclear reactor. Mycological Research, 104(12), 1421–1426. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756200002756
Ziebuhr, W., Ohlsen, K., Karch, H., Korhonen, T., & Hacker, J. (1999). Evolution of bacterial pathogenesis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), 56(9–10), 719–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s000180050018
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Data Availability Statement
The author has provided the data as Supplementary Material.
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Leman Nur Nehri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The Turkish Journal of Sense of Place and Urban Studies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License. This license allows for the distribution and reproduction of the journal's articles, provided that the original work is properly attributed to the authors and not used for commercial purposes.
Under the terms of this license, users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit) and remix (adapt) the journal's articles, as long as they give appropriate credit to the authors, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
Users may not use the journal's articles for commercial purposes without obtaining permission from the authors. For any commercial use, please contact the authors directly.
By using the articles from the Turkish Journal of Sense of Place and Urban Studies, users agree to be bound by the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license.
