Citation and Reference Guidelines

APA 7 Citation and Reference Guide (English)

This guide provides rules for citing and referencing sources according to APA 7 format. Below is a detailed guide with examples for various types of sources.

Books

Single-Author Book

Reference: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher.
In-Text Citation: (Author, Year)
Example:

Reference: Smith, J. A. (2020). Understanding social sciences. Academic Press.
In-Text: (Smith, 2020)

Two-Author Book

Reference: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher.
In-Text Citation: (Author & Author, Year)
Example:

Reference: Brown, L., & Green, T. (2018). The dynamics of cultural studies. Sage Publications.
In-Text: (Brown & Green, 2018)

Book with Three or More Authors

Reference: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of the book: Subtitle. Publisher.
In-Text Citation: (Author et al., Year)
Example:

Reference: Brown, L., Green, T., & White, M. (2018). The dynamics of cultural studies. Sage Publications.
In-Text: (Brown et al., 2018)

Book Chapters

Single-Author Book Chapter

Reference: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the chapter. In B. B. Editor (Ed.), Title of the book (pp. Page Range). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy (if available)
In-Text Citation: (Author, Year, p. Page Number)
Example:

Reference: Garcia, L. M. (2015). Cultural identity in the age of globalization. In T. R. Johnson (Ed.), Global perspectives on cultural studies (pp. 45-67). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12345-015-6789-0
In-Text: (Garcia, 2015, p. 46)

Multiple-Author Book Chapter

Reference: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the chapter. In C. C. Editor & D. D. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (pp. Page Range). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy (if available)
In-Text Citation: (Author & Author, Year, p. Page Number)
Example:

Reference: Lee, J., & Kim, S. (2018). Social networking and its impact on education. In A. Brown & L. White (Eds.), Education in the digital age (pp. 123-145). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12345-018-2345-6
In-Text: (Lee & Kim, 2018, p. 130)

Edited Books

Single-Editor Book

Reference: Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of the book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy (if available)
In-Text Citation: (Editor, Year)
Example:

Reference: Thompson, R. J. (Ed.). (2020). Advances in psychological research. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12345-020-7890-2
In-Text: (Thompson, 2020)

Multiple-Editor Book

Reference: Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (Year). Title of the book. Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy (if available)
In-Text Citation: (Editor & Editor, Year)
Example:

Reference: Mitchell, P. R., & James, L. (Eds.). (2019). Contemporary issues in social science. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12345-019-6789-0
In-Text: (Mitchell & James, 2019)

Translated Books

Translated Book

Reference: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book (Translator Name, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published Year). https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy (if available)
In-Text Citation: (Author, Year)
Example:

Reference: Freud, S. (2000). The interpretation of dreams (J. Strachey, Trans.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1900). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12345-2000-6789-0
In-Text: (Freud, 2000)

Journal Articles

Journal Article

Reference: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Page Range. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
In-Text Citation: (Author & Author, Year, p. Page Number)
Example:

Reference: Johnson, L., & Miles, P. (2019). The impact of social media on academic performance. Journal of Educational Research, 15(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12345-019-1234-5
In-Text: (Johnson & Miles, 2019, p. 125)

Online Sources

Website

Reference: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title. Website Name. URL
In-Text Citation: (Author, Year)
Example:

Reference: Walker, S. (2021, March 15). How to apply APA 7 format? APA Style Guide. https://apastyle.apa.org
In-Text: (Walker, 2021)

Blog Post

Reference: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the blog post. Blog Name. URL
In-Text Citation: (Author, Year)
Example:

Reference: Carter, B. (2022, January 10). Innovative approaches in education. Education Blog. https://educationblog.com/innovative-approaches
In-Text: (Carter, 2022)

Reports and Official Documents

Report

Reference: Organization Name. (Year). Title of the report (Report No. XXX). Publisher. URL (if available)
In-Text Citation: (Organization Name, Year, p. Page Number)
Example:

Reference: World Health Organization. (2020). World health statistics 2020. WHO. https://who.int/health-statistics-2020
In-Text: (World Health Organization, 2020, p. 45)

Theses and Dissertations

Unpublished Master’s Thesis

Reference: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the thesis (Unpublished master’s thesis). University Name.
In-Text Citation: (Author, Year, p. Page Number)
Example:

Reference: Lee, H. J. (2017). The impact of cultural differences on team performance (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Chicago.
In-Text: (Lee, 2017, p. 50)

Doctoral Dissertation

Reference: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the dissertation (Doctoral dissertation). University Name. URL (if available)
In-Text Citation: (Author, Year, p. Page Number)
Example:

Reference: Sanchez, M. R. (2020). Exploring the effects of climate change on rural communities (Doctoral dissertation). Harvard University. https://dissertations.harvard.edu/climate-change
In-Text: (Sanchez, 2020, p. 22)

Audiovisual Media

Film

Reference: Director, A. A. (Director). (Year). Title of the film [Film]. Production Company.
In-Text Citation: (Director, Year)
Example:

Reference: Spielberg, S. (Director). (1993). Schindler's list [Film]. Universal Pictures.
In-Text: (Spielberg, 1993)

Podcast

Reference: Host, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the episode (No. Episode Number) [Podcast]. Producer. URL
In-Text Citation: (Host, Year)
Example:

Reference: Brown, T. (2021, July 7). The future of education (No. 45) [Podcast]. Education Talks. https://educationtalks.com/future-of-education
In-Text: (Brown, 2021)